This weekend you are going to create AT LEAST 4 substantial posts on our blog. The posts will count as a quiz grade and be graded using the same rubric as your Napoleon blog. You should use your book and the notes that I printed for you as your initial resources. Then use the Internet to expand your research on the topics the are posted.
Your posts need to discuss and analyze all of the issues presented about liberalism, nationalism, and conservatism. Be sure to frame your responses in the context of 19th century European History, and use specific examples to prove your point. Here are the questions that you need to discuss:
1. Define nationalism and analyze their goals in 19th century Europe.
2. What were the tenets of liberalism? Who were the liberals and how did they affect the political developments of the early 19th century in Europe?
3. Contrast the ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism during the 19th century.
Be conscious of your classmates posts and build off of each other's ideas. Avoid repeating what others have said and try to include links that will enrich our understanding of the topic.
Nationalism is the idea that a nation is made up of people who speak the same language and have the same customs, culture, and history. Also, the people should be administered by the same government. The major goal of nationalists was to gain a sense of identity and independence. For example, the Irish nationalists, who were controlled by the British during the nineteenth century, wanted independence or at least larger measures of self-government.
ReplyDeleteLike Mike said, Nationalism is based on the idea that all peoples’ identities are defined be their connection with a nation and that it is to this nation that they owe their primary loyalty as opposed to their king or local lord. The roots of nationalism date back to the Early Modern period, a timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the Middle Ages (c. 1500) through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions (c. 1800); however, nationalism emerged as an important ideology during the French Revolution. At this time, developments like national conscription, the calling of all young men for military service, helped create the idea of a citizen whose primary loyalty lies not to a village or province, but to the nation instead.
ReplyDeleteIn Central Europe, nationalism was spreading like wildfire and became the most popular ideology in the early nineteenth century. The rise of nationalism became a real threat to the Austrian Empire, which consisted of many nationalities, but tried to make its entire population follow the Hapsburg emperor and the ideology of the empire. Johann Gottfried von Herder was a great prophet of nationalism and through his writings he essentially defined the goals of nationalism in central Europe. Herder defined nationalism as the unity of similar people based on their language, literature, and history, for the purpose of establishing a sense of identity. Based on Herder’s definition the first proponents of nationalism, the Hungarians, Czechs, and southern Slavs wanted their particular culture and identity to be recognized through the establishment of separate countries from the Austrian Empire. Thus, during the Age of Metternich which started in 1815 and lasted till 1848, the Austrian Empire tried very hard to destroy nationalism in its empire and stop the supporters of it promptly. Metternich strove to maintain the absolute monarchy of the Habsburg emperors Francis I and Ferdinand I and in turn keep the empire prosperous and in unity. In essence, the definition of nationalism basically describes the goals that 19th century revolutionaries had and how these goals, in accomplished, would benefit them. 19th century revolutionaries were tired of being put down by kings and expected to all conform to the same identity and thus nationalistic riots started which later brought fully fledged revolutions into Europe.
ReplyDeleteIf anyone is having trouble with the first part of the question, I have found a couple of pages that are very helpful for you guys.
ReplyDelete•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe
•http://answers.encyclopedia.com/question/nationalism-like-19th-century-130104.html
*Please do not copy and paste*
The Tenets of Liberalism
ReplyDelete1. Individual Freedom
The basis of society is the individual. Humans are primarily motivated be self interest.
2. Individual Rights
All individuals must be free and equal. This implies all types of equality: political equality, the protection of individual rights, respect for individual choices, and the use of reason in making decisions. The key individual rights for all people are freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and the right to property.
3. Religious Toleration
This concept can be summarized as the separation of church and state. Individuals must be able to worship or not worship as they please.
4. Popular sovereignty
A government should be ruled by the people rather than by a monarch and people get to decide the existence of this government through its legitimacy.
5. Limited and Representative Government
This tenet implies the existence of representative government, majority rule, constitutional government, and the rule of law. The purpose of government is to protect individual's life, liberty, and property.
6. Universalism/ Equality and Progress
All people are fundamentally the same. Differences of culture, religion, race, gender, nationality, etc. are ultimately superficial. Society, economy, and technology are all means by which society can advance and progress.
The foundations for nineteenth-century liberalism can be found in the writings of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, with their emphasis on the individual’s natural rights and support for limits on political authorities through the writing of constitutions and the formation of parliamentary bodies. Liberalism was also connected to the events of the early stages of the French Revolution with the establishment of the constitutional monarchy and with Marquis de Lafayette’s Declaration of the Rights of Man serving as the basic foundational document. Liberals hoped to protect the rights of the individuals by limiting the power of the state and by emphasizing the individual’s right to enjoy religious freedom, freedom of the press, and equality under the law.
ReplyDeleteAs stated by Nazar and Mike, nationalism is a sense of togetherness as a single nation. Nationalism shouldn’t just be associated with patriotism though. It was more like a promotion of nationality. Many people who loved their country and their cultural backgrounds often had a strong sense of nationalism, which meant that they did not want to be associated with outsiders pin most cases. The main goal of many nationalists was to have their country united under their nation's rule, and no one else‘s. Most of the time, you would have an foreign leader or absolute ruler in control of smaller nations. The best way to make all of this possible is for all of the different ethnic group to have its own nation that they can rule, which means they wouldn’t run into any other problems with other nations.
ReplyDeleteThere are many differences and similarities between liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism. Liberalism is different from nationalism in the sense that it is more of a political faction that favors change and reform to benefit society. Liberals support the idea that individuals should be equal and free, regardless of certain factors. Conservatism is the political and social philosophy that favors the traditional ways that society is run. Conservatives want to "conserve" traditional ideas instead of reforming society. Though in some cases, conservatives do support minimal or gradual change, but most of the time they want to keep what has already been established. Nationalism is more of an emotional philosophy. People who have strong ties to their nation often express their nationalism, and promote only their culture, instead of trying to get involved with other countries.
ReplyDeleteAs Nazar said, liberalism was established early on during the Enlightenment period, and can be seen throughout the French Revolution. People fought for their rights and their freedom, which is what liberals supported. Surprisingly, if you look at the industrial period of Europe, you can see liberalism begin to emerge even more. As industrialization began to spread, workers began to demand for better hours and wages, which is what most factory owners denied them of. People wanted to be granted what they wanted, which is why society began to change in the sense that its people were trying to fight for what they wanted, which was dangerous in many cases. Not all liberals were peaceful ,which is why in many cases, you would have full out revolutions or riots resulting from society’s refusal to promote individual rights or freedom.
ReplyDeleteNationalism is the extreme spirit or patriotism for a persons country. Nationalism played a very important part during the ninetenth century in Central Europe. Nationalism is said to have emerged from certain aspects of Romanticism. Such as feelings and identity. With this was also the liberal idea that the state should be based on the people. All of these are strong components of Nationalism.
ReplyDeleteBesides being a political theory, liberalism was also a school of economic thought. The most important of the early liberal economists, individuals who collectively formed what became known as the classical school, was Adam Smith, who published his most important work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which discussed the principles of political economy and the importance of such an economy in society. The concept of mercantilism, used previously in Europe, held that nations’ wealth could be measured only in gold reserves and that foreign trade would necessarily hurt one side or the other. However, Smith realized that a nation’s true wealth was the goods produced by the labor of its citizens. Smith introduced two revolutionary ideas. First, specialists (whether countries or individuals) have natural skills and can produce their specialties better and faster than others. Trade could thus enrich everyone. Second, government price-fixing was unnecessary and counterproductive. Instead, governments should follow a laissez-faire policy and let individual businesses set their own process and production levels. In turn, this would provide a balance between supply and demand, while also providing businesses with an incentive to find cheaper ways to produce more goods, lower process, and increase sales.
ReplyDeleteI believe Matt gave a really good description of the differences between nationalism, conservatism, and liberalism. However, I would like to add more. First, let’s define each term again and this will aid in describing the difference between each one later. Nationalism, as defined previously, is devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation and the belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals, such the creation of separate countries. On the other hand, liberalism is a political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and favoring civil and political liberties. It is also an economic theory in favor of laissez-faire, the free market and the independence of business. Finally, conservatism is a belief system that emphasizes the existing or traditional order of politics and culture. It is an attitude emphasizing respect for traditional institutions, distrust of government activism, and opposition to sudden change in the established order. Now that all three terms are defines we can analyze the difference between them. This will be discussed in the next post.
ReplyDeleteAs promised before, in this post I will describe the difference between the following three popular ideologies in the 19th century: liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism. To begin, liberalism, as Matt mentioned, is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. The ideas of the liberals also encompass the following beliefs that also basically revolve around freedom of the individual: constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, and freedom of religion. As you all can see liberalism is basically an ideology that focuses on equal rights and the freedom of the individual as compared to the power of national government. Similarly, nationalism is also an empowering ideology, but it focuses on national identity and national freedom, more than on the freedom of the individual in a particular nation or empire. Nationalism, in essence, unites people under a similar language and culture, and makes than proud to of that culture. As mentioned earlier, the 19th century nationalists all wanted to form separate countries because the many empires that existed in 19th century Europe contained many different cultures embedded in them, which all wanted freedom. Finally, conservatism is an ideology that focuses on the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Conservatives want to preserve traditional, governmental views and, as Matt mentioned, even though they do support small reforms, most of these reforms are minute and really do not benefit the nation to a high degree. Essentially, these are the main differences between nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism and these three ideologies still exist today in our government and in many of the governments around the world. In the next post I will mention some quality videos to watch that summarize these three ideologies well.
ReplyDeleteAmazing video summarizing the three ideologies that we are talking about and also introducing our next assignment: Revolutions in Europe
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwtl7UCWiGk&feature=related
Liberalism vs. Conservatism in the modern sense
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ngzx-1Rq1gE
Another great presentation on Nationalism in Europe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaCUk4hORv4&feature=related
Another presentation on Nationalism in Europe (It sort of has a robotic voice though)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d63XxVZhZmQ&feature=related
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ReplyDeleteNazar and Matt did a really good job examining the tenets of liberalism, and now I want to explain who exactly were the liberals. The liberals often were educated, opulent people who were excluded in one way or another from the existing political structures. They felt this was unjustified because they were not ignorant of political matters or poor; they were intelligent and owned land. Liberals were often scholars, members of the learned professions, and people involved in the flourishing commercial and manufacturing industries of the economy. Also, they believed that honorable positions should be given to people based on talent,not on distinguished family background. The monarchical and aristocratic governments that were born from the Congress of Vienna often failed to recognize the new status of the liberals and to provide for their economic and political interests.
ReplyDeleteSomething interesting and ironic about the liberals is that they hated the lower, unpropertied classes almost as much as they hated the privileged aristocracies. The liberals felt superior to the poor people and despised them because they thought that they, like children, were ignorant of public affairs and of the basis of national prosperity. Liberals felt that the poor people were no more interested than foreigners in national prosperity. What the liberals truly wanted was to extend representation to the propertied classes. They transformed the eighteenth-century idea of aristocratic liberty into a new idea of privilege based on wealth and property rather than on birth. Therefore, people who didn't have wealth and property (the lower class) were excluded from the liberals' goals. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the liberals had separated themselves from both the rural and the urban working class, a division that was to have important consequences.
ReplyDeleteMatt and Nazar did a great job of contrasting conservatism with nationalism and liberalism, but I would like to examine more deeply the differences between nationalism and liberalism. Many aspects of nationalism were directly opposed to liberal political goals. Some nationalists desired their own particular ethnic group to dominate minority national or ethnic groups within a particular region. For example, the Hungarian Magyars sought political control over non-Magyar peoples living within the historical boundaries of Hungary. Nationalists also often defined their own national group in contention with other national groups whom they might view as cultural inferiors or as historical adversaries. This darker side of nationalism will emerge harshly in the second half of the nineteenth century and will disrupt European political life early and late in the twentieth century. Moreover, conservative nationalists might seek political independence for their own ethnic group but would not try to establish liberal political regimes thereafter. All in all, it is evident that nationalists only wanted political rights and freedom for their own ethnic group while liberalism advocated equal rights for all ethnic groups.
ReplyDeleteOff of what Mike said about some of the liberals, I’ll go into a little more detail on the establishment of the ideas of liberalism. As we know, liberalism was often associated with individuals and their want for freedom and rights within society. Liberalism helped to push people to stand up for themselves. Early thinkers, such as John Locke and Adam Smith were major supporters of the idea of liberalism. John Locke was most known for his support of a constitutional monarchy, which was the kind of government that was established in England after William of Orange had taken the throne. Adam Smith helped to tie liberalism more to economical aspects, which is why before I mentioned the industrialization period. There began to be a large amount of people seeking their own freedom and rights. Both of these men hinted at the idea that government should not be as involved in society as many people thought. Society is to be run by the people. The government was present only to provide self protection, and nothing more. To add to Nazar’s list, moderate liberalism had many economic policies, such as free trade, low tariffs, and a laissez-faire based economy. All of these different factors promoted liberty and freedom amongst many nations. Liberals faced many complaints from conservatives and those associated with socialism. There were a handful of people who still believed that an absolute ruler was necessary to run and nation, and that the people should not be able to have as big of a say as the government. This is where we run into a bunch of conflicts involving conservatives and liberals.
ReplyDeleteThis is a very helpful website. It tells you everything that was going on in Europe during the nineteenth century, including the three ideologies that we are examining: nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism. Also, there are links to specific countries, which will be helpful when we examine the different revolutions in Europe.
ReplyDeletehttp://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/19th_century.htm
Nationalists main goals were:
ReplyDelete-Cultural unity
-To be united together under their nations rule
-To be able to maintain their own culture
Heres a link that may be helpful:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100118175601AAsb2Ud
Nationalism was really important in Germany, starting all the way back during the Reformation, where the German language was standardized as the bible was translated for the common people to read in their own dialects. Johann Gottfried Herder, a German philosopher, can be credited with the usage of the idea of nationalism during the Enlightenment. He published the Treatise on the Origin of Language, which emphasized the importance of the German language to the state as a whole. He believed that language and cultural traditions created a nation, and a no country could survive without it.
ReplyDeleteHis thoughts were again supported during the French invasion of Germany under Napoleon. The patriotic spirit of the Germans was lifted as the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved and they fought the control of another country. They advocated a common identity among the German people through language, tradition, and literature to separate themselves from the French. The middle class strove to create a German nation-state, which would be based upon liberal democracy, constitutionalism, representation, and popular sovereignty, while opposing absolutism. This failed, however, and the German Confederation, a loose collection of independent German states, was established. They remained this way until 1848, when the liberalists revolted to create a national constitution for Germany.
ReplyDeleteHere's a link showing a picture of the Battle of Nations Memorial.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/battle_nations_memorial.htm
This monument was erected to commemorate the Battle of Nations, where almost every German state was united against Napoleon and the French army. The victory of the Battle of Nations was a moment that founded the unity of Germany, and it inspires nationalism and patriotism within the German people.
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ReplyDeleteBecause nationalism and liberalism promoted limited governments and the equal rights of the people, many monarchs and rules of the 19th century did their best to suppress it. For example, nationalism was prominent in Holy Roman Empire; comprised Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Slovenia, parts of eastern France, northern Italy, and western Poland. Each of these regions built up their own national identity and sought to develop independent constitutions, emphasizing limited monarchies and freedom for the people. They wanted to reduce the power of the government so the country could essentially be ruled by its citizens.
ReplyDeleteOf course, the monarchs who were already in control didn’t want to give up everything they had. The Congress of Vienna did well in suppressing nationalism and liberalism when they appointed monarchs in several European countries regardless of the thoughts of the people. They thought nationalism was unnecessary and potentially dangerous, as shown during the French Revolution. These monarchs then destroyed most of the uprisings led by the nationalists and liberalists.
During the 19th century, Europe experienced an age of nationalism. As previously mentioned, nationalism was the bonding of a people by a common language, history, traditions, beliefs, and goals. All of these elements create a unique fusion that gave a specific identity to a group of individuals around the world. People felt like they were a part of something greater than themselves and united. These feelings of belonging and purpose helped promote unified goals and efforts to achieve those goals.
ReplyDeleteNationalism originated with the French Revolution and with Napoleon, who helped spread it throughout Europe. As it took hold of the emerging urban societies, people began to transfer their allegiance from a monarch to a country and to put national interests above all considerations.
I agree 100% with Avary’s definition of nationalism. The extreme spirit and patriotism for one’s nation came to define European philosophy in the 19th century. It would also come to dictate domestic and foreign policies. It provided people with a sense of belonging and power, as well as a connection to the state.
I also had no idea that nationalism reversed the effects of the Industrial Revolution in regards to the relationship between the worker and employer. The allegiance that was once given to the employer was now refocused toward a unified state.
The national states became a way of coping with the challenges of rapid economic and political changes. New, strong leaders were also able to direct this energy toward industrialization and modernization.
As previously mentioned by everyone, especially Matt, nationalism’s main goal in 19th century Europe was to establish national identity and pride. The people wanted to create their own countries with defined territorial boundaries, have a unique cultural identity, and self-government. Nationalists sought to establish freedom from other nations and self-reliance. They knew a country cannot be strong and powerful if it is dependent on another.
ReplyDeleteAll of this was much easier said than done. Empires such as Austria- Hungary, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire controlled vastly diverse peoples, each of whom chafed under the rule of foreign kings which made nationalism a nearly impossibly and, on occasions, explosive.
Building off of Jackie’s awesome statements about German nationalism…. I personally I believe the most profound example of nationalism was in Germany. Nationalism in the German states developed gradually during the 1800s. It was, however, who was the catalyst for German nationalism. Napoleon had unintentionally aided its growth by abolishing the Holy Roman Empire and reducing the 300+ German states to about 100. Then, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 further reduced that number to 39 and organized them into the German Confederation, a weak body dominated by Austria. The failure of the Confederation to provide effective leadership stirred German nationalists to seek unity by other means.
ReplyDeleteGerman unification and identity was helped by the following:
1.) The formation of the ZOLLVEREIN in 1834, a German customs union under the leadership of Prussia. All of the German states, minus Austria, were joined into a single economic union that promoted free trade among other members and maintained high tariffs against non-member states.
2.) The Prussian aristocracy, of Junkers, began to support the efforts of the Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynasty of Prussia, in their efforts to lead the struggle for German unification.
Under leaders such as Otto van Bismarck, whose policies would lead to the formation of a unified German Empire, Germany rose as a political and military force on the continent.
However, there were also negative consequences. The emergence of a unified Germany threatened to upset the balance of power that has existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and endangered the dominant role of Great Britain on the continent.
Later in history we would witness German nationalism in WWI and its horrifying capabilities in WWII. German nationalism is still very much a force today! It is by far one of the most beneficial and destructive philosophies existent today. It is nationalism that makes the Olympics and World Cup possible and so exciting.
I’m curious, which 19th century country’s nationalism do you think is interesting? Also, which nation today do you think has the strongest nationalism today?
Oh my gosh Naz i hate you!!!! I WAS GOING TO POST THOSE VIDEOS!!!! Well here are a few that I found...
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_0nUBdKkJc&feature=related
Great on the transformation of Europe through Nationalistic events.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVLe_E3PqIs&feature=related
This is a really funny video on conservatism!
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXuX0AarBqM
Liberalism is the philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, due process, rule of law, and liberty of individuals. The liberties of individuals included freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and free markets. Sounds a lot like John Locke’s Enlightenment thoughts, no?
ReplyDelete*Just in case one does not know, the rule of the law suggests that governmental decisions be made by applying known legal principles. Simply, it implies that every citizen in subject to the law, no exceptions. This idea was also shared by some pretty awesome people; Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, wrote that “Law should govern.” It doesn’t get any more legit than Aristotle.
Liberalism developed in the 19th century in Europe and built on ideas that had already developed by the end of the 18th century. It had its roots in the Enlightenment especially. As mentioned previously, John Locke, an English writer and political philosopher, advocated a constitutional monarchy and declared the concept of natural rights. The physiocrats and Adam Smith also laid the foundation for liberalism in regards to the economy. In his Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued against strict government control of mercantilism. Using the concept of laissez-faire, or a hands-off approach to the government’s intervention in economic matters of a nation, he outlined the economic system that came to be known as capitalism.
I also believe that it is important to mention that it liberalism drew on a belief of natural law, utilitarianism (“the greatest happiness principle”), and progress.
I deffy agree with Matt’s statement that it helped motivate people to stand up for themselves and secure their natural rights!
At the core of liberalism lies the idea that the government should not be as involved in the nation’s societal affairs. Society should always be run by the people and the people alone. Just as John Locke had stated, the belief was that the government was present to provide the citizens with protection. It was to ensure that their natural rights and safety was protected against domestic and foreign threats.
ReplyDeleteEarly 19th century liberals were adamant about the government being separated in such social and economic affairs. The industrial society especially had created conditions that seemed to destroy the dignity of individual human beings and constricted them economically. The bosses didn’t care at all for the health or physical well-being of their employees. It was all about the money, money, money $$$. As a result, such liberals led a crusade for the individual. They began to advocate government intervention in the economy for the purpose of protecting the individual’s freedom and overall health. * This is pivotal to understand because it was then a conservatives began to mistake liberalism with socialism. There would then proceed to be more misunderstandings, tensions, and even conflicts between these groups.
*10 core principles/ tenets of the classical liberal & libertarian view of society and the proper role of government:
ReplyDelete1) Liberty as the primary political value – government should only act to protect the individuals; advocating for popular sovereignty.
2) Individualism - Above all, they proclaimed the sanctity of the individual and promoted the protection of individual rights – including property rights and personal freedom; not sacrifice the individual for the “common good.”
3) Skepticism about power – power is the ability to get other people to do what another wants, against their will; individuals are the best judge of their interests and should make their own decisions.
4) Rule of Law – no one is inherently entitled to enjoy the benefits of liberal society more than anyone else = equality before the law; the government should follow principles predetermined by the laws.
5) Civil Society – most social problems can be most dealt with through voluntary organizations between the individuals and state.
6) Spontaneous Order – order can arise spontaneously through interactions between individuals and naturally developing rules will emerge = ex. Language.
7) Free Markets- Liberalism had many economic policies, such as free trade, low tariffs, and a laissez-faire based economy; Essentially, it was a capitalistic economic policy = NO GOVERNMENT.
8) Toleration - other principles important to the construction of their philosophical structure, such as equality, pluralism, and toleration; all humans are fundamental the same and equally important; one should not try to force their opinions on things they disapprove of.
9) Peace – best achieved by free movement of the money, people, and ideas, not intervening in other nations.
10) Limited Government – They also wanted representative, or parliamentarian, government = constitutional monarchy; Called for a separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government.
***http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU-8Uz_nMaQ This AWESOME video explains liberalism and its core tenements, which I listed and briefly described above.
So… who exactly were the liberals? Mike did an amazing job outlining the profile of a 19th century liberal! I’m pretty sure that answer cannot be topped, but I would like to further explore the “liberal.” As Mike stated, they were well educated and wealthy. It was their education and money that enabled them to have a greater understanding of the world, society and the individuals. They were able to read documents written by philosophers such as John Locke and Voltaire. It was after learning and absorbing such ideas that they were able to formulate their ideologies. No poor urban worker or rural peasant would have any access to such resources and would most likely not know anymore than what they experienced first-hand. Because they were not ignorant or poor they felt that their exclusion from the existing political structures (in one way or another) was completely unjustified and fought back. They thought that the people should dictate the policies of government and that the current system was not benefitting the populous. These scholars owned land and were professionals in society, often involved in commercial and manufacturing industries. It’s safe to say that this was the MIDDLE CLASS. They hated the lower, uneducated, and landless class (LOWER CLASS) just as much as the aristocracy. Mike, I that was really interesting!!!! Also, their belief that honorable positions and occupations should be given to individuals based on merit and qualification, not nobility, still exists today!
ReplyDeleteNationalism is the bonds that are created when there are common language, customs, culture, and history where they should have the same governing body above them. They now had something that they all had in common. Goals that the nationalists had in the 19th century Europe included the want to create definite state boundaries, having a want to be self-governed and then also be independent. An example is Austria in how they wanted to be their own country but they were being governed by a foreign king.
ReplyDeleteTenets of liberalism included:
ReplyDelete• An individual is primarily motivated by their self-interest.
• They have their own rights, meaning that everyone is to be free and also equal in all aspects of being a part of the society.
• They have a right to worship any religion that they want. There would be a separation of the state and the church.
• The government would be governed by the people, not a sole monarch or religious figure that would call the shots.
• The government is to be used to protect the people’s wellbeing not how much power one person will receive.
• A person’s property is theirs to do whatever they want with and have no restrictions placed on them.
• All people are the same and their differences in race, religion; culture and gender do not matter.
Nationalism is a feeling of unity within someone's country. Nationalism is often seen in revolutions, when people want to break away from another country holding power over them, kind of like the American Revolution, where the Americans wanted to break away from British rule. In the 19th century, nationalism was inspired by the french revolution. G. W. F. Hegel was one of the first people to instill the feeling of nationality in people. he said it was what held societies together. Nations such as Serbia, Greece, and Belgium all achieved independence. may nations were rising up and asserting their independence against the nations holding power over them. Greece threw off Ottoman rule, Belgium defeated the Netherlands rule, and so on. Everyone's goal was basically to enforce the fact that they were their own nation, and that no one was going to keep them down.
ReplyDeletenationalism-
ReplyDeletenoun; patriotism, patriotic sentiment, flag-waving, xenophobia, chauvinism, jingoism.
(also stated in everyone else's post)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOfstT3BRFw
^^ the video is kind of a slow start but it relates i promise.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwtl7UCWiGk
ReplyDeleteOne of the liberals was Adam Smith who believed in the unrestricted private enterprise that would be helpful to everyone’s productivity. But as the industrialization started to happen in Europe there was a change in the society and laissez-faire became a tool of businesses. Liberals wanted to have government intervention with the businesses to promote the persons individual freedoms and dignity. They affected the governments by wanting to have a constitutional monarchy to get closer to having a satisfactory government. Then have separations of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism and the liberals had uniquely affected the political developments of early 19th century Europe. Principally, it would lead to the transformation in European philosophies and ideologies. There was a revival and further pursuit of Enlightenment ideals such as constitutional monarchies, natural rights, the importance of the individual, and a laissez-faire policy in regards to economics. Newly inspired by such principles, Europeans sought to obtain these factors in their own separate nations.
ReplyDeleteContinental liberalism, coupled with nationalism, ignited the fire that would lead to a serious of revolts in countries such as Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal in spite of the careful plans of the Congress of Vienna. These revolts spread to Austria, the German states, and France. This era of revolts and revolutions was a result of liberal thinkers in the 1820s and 1830s borrowing ideas from the Enlightenment and working to establish a government based on a written constitution that guaranteed the natural rights of the people.
Additionally, as I mentioned previously, there arose tremendous tension and conflict between the liberals and conservatives. In fact, the struggle between liberalism and conservatism evolved into full-scale revolts, starting in France in the year 1848. It would be this tidal wave of revolution that would end the Age of Metternich and would affect all the countries on the European continent except Great Britain and Russia. Essentially, it was this liberalism that led to the formation of new, nationalistic nations, the growth of militarism within those nations, and democracy.
* This guy breaks down liberalism in Europe for ya’ll too! (it’s not the greatest delivery, but good information….)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV9Ayfup6Jc
*kewl vid w/ powerpoint about some of these revolutions!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ig4lSwJZUA&feature=related
GAHHH steph i literally just hit copy and was gonna post that video -____-
ReplyDeleteGreat minds think alike! :D
DeleteLiberalism had many ideas, here are the main ones :
ReplyDelete1. the idea of a compact between the people and their government
2. the right of revolution if the compact is violated
3. natural rights as belonging to all people
4. faith in and support of human rational potential
5. limited powers of government
6. majority rule tempered by minority rights
7. support of change in society
On the opposing side was Conservatism had the ideas:
ReplyDelete1. high value on existing institutions as produced by custom and tradition
2. a belief in mankind's essential base and irrational nature
3. faith in some supernatural force guiding human affairs
4. acceptance of human inequality and the attending consequence of social hierarchy
5. recognition of the need for a sense of community among individuals that will bind them emotionally to their society.
With the ideologies of conservatism during the 19th century they had wanted to make sure that there was always a balance in power throughout Europe to make sure that there was permanent peace. They were also supported by the manufacturers, landowners and churches. Then there were the nationalistic views that wanted to have unity within the regions of each country, and wanted to be self governed instead of being ruled by foreign kings. Lastly there is the liberalistic view that they wanted there to be a small amount of government intervention as possible in the countries and wanted to promote the individuals personal freedoms instead of wanting what was best for the country as a whole. They wanted to start small with the people instead of going right to trying to make the whole country peaceful or work on making the whole government better.
ReplyDeleteTenets of Liberalism
ReplyDelete-Limited government
-Constitutional law
-Freedom of religion
- Freedom of other things such as speech and assembly
-The individual
-Property rights
Liberalism was the belief in the idea of individualism and peoples individual freedoms. The liberals were a British political party who had an interest in commence and industry but focused heavily on liberalism (As their name suggests) and laissez-faire. Some important liberals were Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. Adam Smith was one of the first major advocates of laissez-faire. He believed that if the government regulated the economy then it interfered with the natural laws that governed the economy. Thomas Malthus stated that if population overgrew the food supply this would disasterous. He then concluded that population growth could be limited and regulated by postponing marriage and practicing chasity. David Ricardo believed that labor should be treated just like other types of work in the means of supply and demand. He thought that wages shouldnt be risen to help people improve their lives because then they would have more children which would then end up raising the labor supply and lowering the wages. These liberals and others helped to bring about the new liberalist ideas and the way of laissez-faire.
So conservatism is basically the complete opposite of liberalism. Conservatists belived in absolute monarchy and divine right. They were against freedom of religion, authority of parliament and other things similar to this. Liberalists like I stated before believed in the opposite of what conservatists did, such as limited government. They also believed in constitutional law, freedom of religion and the individual. Nationalism was the idea of patriotism for ones country. They wanted cultural unity and the ability to maintain this culture. Along with this they wanted to be united under their nations rule. As we can see all three of these different ideologies were very different from one another in the 19th century.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwtl7UCWiGk&feature=related
ReplyDelete*** THIS VIDEO IS AWESOME. IT OUTLINES NATIONALISM IN EUROPE IN THE 1800s. It's pretty cool because of the powerpoint presentation. It's also super easy to follow.
Check it, yo.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QWCUCb99_c&feature=related
DeletePart 2, anyone? It delves into how nationalism has a dividing and unifying force in Europe in the 1800s.
As previously mentioned by many people before me, nationalism is the acquired sense of a group of people working as one. Normally, nationalists held pride in their home country, which would greatly benefit their country, due to the fact that it would ease tensions. If the feeling of nationalism is high, the country figures controversies out easier. For example, in WWII in the United States, the feeling of nationalism was extremely high, because the entire country support the war, and worked together to assist the army fight. In the 19th century, however, nationalism wasn't always a benefit to the government. In most cases, the sense of nationalism didn't benefit the country, it ultimately tore it apart. The Hapsburg monarch was greatly tried with the new sense of nationalism that had spread across the empire. The Austrian empire was at risk, and the main source of the monarchy's problems were stationed in Hungary. In Hungary, the Magyars plotted a strive for nationalism.
ReplyDeleteAnother example of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century was stationed in Italy, King Victor Emmanuel abolished freedom of religion, and the Napoleonic codes. The Carbonari then began to gain power. They were ultimately the most radical group in Italy, at the time, and fought against the tyranny of their ruler. Their ultimate goal was to rid themselves of the ruler from Austria, and to achieve civil unity. Giusseppe Mazzini, the man who continued the fight for the Carbonari after it fell, wanted to unite Italy under a democratic republic.
ReplyDeleteThe situation in Russia was a mess, as usual. Tsar Alexander I originally wanted to gradually rid the country of the main problem: serfdom. He also had plans to elect a legislative body for the government to give little known groups in the massive country more of a say. However, he tragically died before he could do any of that. His younger brother, Nicolas, then took over the throne. Nicholas then had no plans to carry out what his brother wanted, therefore there was a revolt in St. Petersburg of those who strongly supported more liberal ways of ruling. Their main goal was to abolish the medieval ways of serfdom, and they planned on using the nationalism in the country to carry it out.
Nationalism, as said by some before me, is essentially devotion not to your king but to your nation as a whole. Think cultural stuff, like, nothins says "AMERICA" than hot dogs and funny cat videos on the internet.
ReplyDeleteMilitary service and loyalty to your nation in practice and culture are just one of nationalist qualities. In the case of Europe, after Napoleon pretty muched destroyed France and most of Europe in his reign, no other form of government was better than that of nationalsim. Like Montesquie said, no form of government is better, just some are better suited.
Prior to this, Most of Europe, particularly Germany, was disunified in territory, language and such. Priorities of nations mostly included militrary service and taxes. Nationalism soaught to change this, by, not only expandind military service, but by spreading patriotism throughout Europe.
As for Liberalism, it is essentialy along the lines of a constitutional monarch emphasizing on individual rights and limited government. Since all men are born free, we have the right to self rule and that the government's sole purpose is to protect established individual rights. In other words, people rule themselves through government and there fore eliminate the need for a monarch.
ReplyDeleteTenets of Government are statements describing said definition. One key tentet is described as such:
ReplyDeleteThe government's role in society and the scope of its power should be clearly defined. The purpose of government is to protect individual's life, liberty, and property. Further, in a society of autonomous individuals pursuing their own self-interests, government must represent the various interests of that society. This implies representative government, majority rule, constitutional government, and the rule of law.
Its like decrees to a constitution sort of, it staes the goals of Liberalsim in a broad way. Sweet and to the point.
These three types of government were more different than simillar not accounting for the fact the naionalism and conservatism ride on the same boat of loyalty to a country. See, liberalism is somewhat of an enlightenmenet idea, freedom of the individual with minimal Government interference. This seems like a government that most of Europe could agree with following the slip ups of Napoloen.
ReplyDeleteConservatism on the other hand was a different matter entirely, focusing more on an absolute ruler born into preosperity and superb education, in other words a leader must be born with such qualities. Individual rights were non-existent in the eyes of conservative people, believing that people were part of a society and had an individual job being a part of it. To function, a leader must rule to unite a nation. This was more of an "Old Regime" type of thinking.
Nationalism was loosely the same as conservatism, only that loyalty was out of respect and pride, not out of civil duty. Altough civil duty was part of nationalistic loyalty, Nationalsim believed in unity and patroiotism, especially after Napoleon left Europe in peices.
Essentialy, all these different types of government believed in different type of peoploe wheter it be people who can govern themselves to people who had a job to society. Again, no form of government is better, just some are better suited for certain situation.
The three ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism during the 19th centuries were uniquely distinct from one another and all played a pivotal role in Europe.
ReplyDeleteI liked how Nazar broke down each one before then contrasting them. I would like to do the same, but with my own twist to it.
Nationalism- Countries developed a sense of unity and common purpose amongst a population of individuals. These people were united by commonalities such as language, culture, and history. Banding together under common values, cultures, and heritages, these individuals developed a strong sense of identity, as well as loyalty to their nation. *It gave people a specific identity and united them under common nationalistic goals.
Liberalism- The political theory centered on the individual. It sought self-government, increased male suffrage, and legal equality for all and free-market economic policies. *Freedom of all kinds was the name of the game when it came to liberalism. Liberal sounds a whole lot like liberty, which means freedom. Remember dat yo.
Conservatism- The political and social philosophy that advocates the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change. Some conservatives seek to preserve things just as they are, hence the CONSERVE part. In regards to 19th century Europe, it was British reactionary philosophy supporting the monarchy and old ways. Championed by Edmund Burke, who had been horrified by the French Revolution, it argued for gradual change. * Conserving the traditions and preserving every aspect of life just as it is.
It also their goal to maintain a balance of power in Europe in order to ensure an permanent peace. Traditionally they were supported by vested interests, such as landowners, manufacturers, merchants and the churches. They seldom allowed freedom of the press or any serious political opposition, and were often brutal in suppressing dissent.
Among the conservatives was Austria’s Prince Klemens von Metternich, whose Age of Metternich was shattered by revolts and revolutions sparked by nationalism and liberalism.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG9GMjBY9b0&feature=related this video does an amazing job of breaking down the different types of conservatism, all of which would play a major role in the 19th century with revolts and revolutions, the unification of old and creation of new nations, and the formation of modern Europe! Oh yeah, and it’s got some sweeeeet music.
To begin with nationalism, I agree with Matt when he said that it was a philosophy that affected and resonated with the emotions of individuals. In one of the videos I posted it was defined as pride + cultural identity. I couldn’t agree more! It was a group of individuals with a common heritage, language, geography, religion, and traditions. They felt that they were one unique group of people and desired to create their own nation. They wanted to have a region to their own kind of people and were extremely loyal to it, constantly putting national priorities above all and working to expel foreign influences. It was both a unifying and dividing force in Europe, depending on the size of the empire and if it was multicultural. In empires such as France and Great Britain it was a unifying one because everyone considered themselves from that nation and came together to make the nation stronger. On the other hand, in empires with various cultural identities, such as the Russian, Austrian, and Ottoman Empires, nationalism was a dividing force. The different groups of people, who didn’t consider themselves from that Empire wanted to break away and make their own countries, thus dissolving the giant empires.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism and conservatism are political and social ideologies. As everyone mentioned (-_-) they lie on opposite ends of the political spectrum. Liberalism (“Left”) is the political philosophy that favors reform and change to benefit society. It also emphasizes the importance of freedom, equal rights for every individual and limited power for the government. Its key features include: constitutionalism, popular sovereignty, capitalism, individual freedom (religion, press, speech, and assembly), as well as toleration. Liberalism coupled with nationalism sparked the desire for change throughout Europe and influenced the many revolutions/revolts in the 19th century. Liberalism and nationalism sometimes went hand-in-hand in challenging the conservative establishment
On the complete opposite of the political spectrum, conservatism (“Right”) is the political philosophy that focused on the preservation of tradition and maintenance of the status quo. As opposed to liberals, who wanted to end the monarchy and establish a more democratic form of government, conservatives in the 19th century wanted to keep the monarchial powers. They supported the monarchy because they, usually, were the ones benefitting from the rulers being in power and social structure under their regimes. At most, they supported minimal and gradual changes. Conservatives want to "CONSERVE" traditional ideas instead of reforming society. They pretty much want to keep what has been established. However, sometimes realized that they could not maintain the status quo forever, they compromised and even absorbed part of the liberal agenda.
It’s pretty cool to think that all of these ideologies exist in the world today! :D
The main tenets of Liberalism deal with mostly economic issues. Liberalism was the thought that the economy should not controlled by the government, and it should be practiced with the hands off approach of laissez faire. The idea of liberalism began in the Enlightenment period, and continued on throughout the 19th century. Adam Smith, one of the first liberalists of the 19th century, felt that the government was a bump in the natural road of the economy. He felt that the government's interference with the economy held it back from its natural course. Thomas Malthus explained the delicate balance between population and food supply; while David Ricardo explaind the inner workings of wages and labor. Jeremy Bentham was originally all for laissez faire, however his thoughts changed. He felt that the government should interevene on the behalf of the disadvantaged. Liberalism greatly affected the French revolution in regards to the sale of goods, and their prices.
ReplyDeleteI kind of was gone all weekend....can we use homework passes for these things?
ReplyDeletei don't think so Becky... it says it's a quiz grade.
Delete:( I need sleepppp :(((((
DeleteLiberalism, mainly dealt with the thought of individuality and individual freedom. That thought branched into the laissiez faire approach, in terms of the economy. Many liberalists believed that people should have complete control of the economy, and allow it to take its own course, while other liberalists sharply contrasted such thoughts. Nationalism, was completely different than liberalism. It had to deal mainly with the thought of the people in one nation working all together to one solution. It was the pride of one culture or country that overtook a certain group of people. It had very little to do with the economy, and further, contrasted with the idea of the individual thoughts of liberalism. Conservatists were titled just as what they strove for. They wanted to CONSERVE the nations government just as it used to be. They wanted to keep the old ways of the absolute monarchies in check. They wanted to preserve the traditional ways of the government, which is the complete opposite of both liberalism, and nationalism.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism is defined as the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Generally people who are liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, and freedom of religion.John Locke was one of the origininal thinkers of liberalism and is often credited for the creation of concepts such as natural rights and the social contract, and the beliefs that the rule of law should replace absolutism in government,rulers were subject to the consent of the governed, and that private individuals had a fundamental right to life, liberty, and property. People in the 19th century were the first of the generations that coule be considered modern. Liberalism in the Roman Catholic countries such as France, Italy, and Spain, tended to acquire anti clerical overtones, causing the liberals in these countries to tend to favour legislation restricting civil authority and political power
ReplyDeleteNationalism simply put is the loyalty and devotion to one’s nation holding in high regards a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups. In Europe in the 19th century there was a wave that spread throughout the continent of extreme nationalism. Across the continent, radicals questioned the old monarchial order and encouraged everyone to adopt nationalism and commit themselves to paving a way for a new political map of all of Europe. Nationalism also grew out of intellectual reactions to the Enlightenment which emphasized a national identity and developed a self-expression of culture through nationhood. The German G. W. F. Hegel became a major figure head in the modern idea of the nation state. He argued that because religious and dynastic allegiance was in a steep decline over the years, nationality was the only glue holding these states together.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism is an ideology that promotes the freedom of the individual in religious, political and economic matters. There are several key elements to liberalism (similar to Naz’s):
ReplyDeleteIndividual Autonomy: Society is based off the individual. Humans are motivated by their own self-interest.
Individual Rights: If the individual is autonomous, then all of the individuals must have a free mind and be equal. This includes the protection of individual rights, respect for individual choices, the use of reason in making decisions and political equality. Key rights of the individual are freedom of speech, assembly, worship and property.
Religious Toleration: Not only does the state have to respect man’s right to worship but so does the individuals of that society. This all leads to a separation of church and state.
Popular Sovereignty: This is the idea that a government should not have a single ruler that governs the whole province like a king or religious figure.
Limited and Representative Government: This is the idea that the role of government in people’s everyday lives should be clearly stated. The main purpose of the government is to be for the people and their life, liberty and property. In a society of free individuals pursuing the interests of themselves, the government must be all for those interests.
Private Property: This is the thought that the government should not place restrictions on the acquiring of property but rather they should encourage it. This brings about an economy of free markets, equal opportunity in these markets and competition in these markets.
Universalism and Progress: This is the fundamental idea that all people are the same. The differences in culture, gender, race and nationality all mean nothing.
Nationalism is a term used to describe ones loyalty to his or her nation. It is the conscious favoring of one nation over all others. Having nationalism, the pride and joy of the beholder is the ties they have to their country. In the 19th centurty, nationalistic pride was a very popular ideal. It was a driving force for unification and in other cases independence.
ReplyDeleteBASIS OF LIBERALISM
ReplyDelete1)Individual Autonomy
2)Individual Rights
3)Religious Toleration
4)Popular Sovereignty and Consent
5)Limited and Representative Government
6)Private Property
7)Universalism and Progress
Liberalism developed based of ideas of natural law, utilitarianism, and progress. Some major players were John Locke, Adam Smith, Malthus, and Riccardo. Locke had "A Letter concerning toleration." Smith had "The wealth of nations." Malthus and Riccardo had "The iron law of wages," which was founded based of smith's The wealth of nations. Their actions helped shape many europeans into a very liberal mindset. The ideals of it were founded long ago but were long considered too radical. Now being accepted as resonable, Liberalism became very popular.
ReplyDeleteThe liberals consisted of educated, wealthy people who were excluded in one matter or another from the existing political processes. Liberals were often academics, members of the learned professions, and people involved in the rapidly expanding commercial and manufacturing segments of the economy. They believed in and were products of the career open to talent. They were not properly noticed, they felt, by the monarchial and aristocratic regimes. They did not provide for their professional and economic interests. Liberals transformed the eighteenth-century concept of aristocratic liberty into a new concept of privilege based on wealth and property rather than birth.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism is a strong belief in one's own rights and the importance of these rights. Constitutionalism, liberal democracy, and human rights are some of the major ideas liberals believed strongly in. The Enlightenment signaled the start of these ideas. The ideas of Nationalism are similiar to Liberalism, as they both pertain to having a strong loyalty to your own country, and the belief in one's own rights. John Locke is one of many important liberal thinkers, believed in natural rights, and set foundations for other liberal thinkers to focus strongly on their own rights and question anyone who might take them away.
ReplyDeleteNationalism ideals- pride in ones country especially towards unification and/or independency as a nation.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism ideals- natural Law, utilitarianism, and progression. Small government to exercise individual freedoms.
Conservatism ideals- promotion of the maintenance of traditional institutions to avoid change. At most if change is absolutely needed it advocates a very slow and gradual change.
The ideas of conservatism, liberalism and nationalism are very different. Conservatism is based off the idea of a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. Liberalism is based off of a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution. Nationalism is based off the premise of Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts, along with this is marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.
ReplyDeleteLiberalism is the most radical of the three. The philosophy is to enact change when needed, and never sit back and let someone push you around. There is a strong belief in maintaining human rights. Liberalism seems to be mostly about taking initiative to improve the nation's government. Conservatism belief is that changes should be made slowly and nothing should be done irrationally. Like its name, it's the most conservative, and not really about taking bold action, more like playing it safe and waiting for opportunities. Nationalism is similiar to liberalism, but it is more about being proud of your country, and working on improving it. Nationalism has more focus on helping the country, not so much concerned with people's rights as much as the nation's well being. The way I see it, nationalism is like the bridge to liberalism. The nation must first find its identity, then it can work on improving people's lives and the conditions.
ReplyDeleteI definitely agree with what you said Alex. What stuck out to me at the end was when you stated "nationalism is like the bridge to liberalism". It makes sense due to the fact that every philosophy in an of it self doesn't seem to have a clear end point, they do often merge and link together, while splitting at certain points as well. For example Nationalism allowed many countries in Europe during the 19th century to unify under one nationalistic cause often strengthening both their economy as well as their unity, and their own country's stability. However in every situation lies opposition as people were still concerned about one's own sucess rather than the country in total, which then forth brings such bridging of differing philosophies. With that in mind it allows us to realize where certain ideas split and where others merge. Ultimately allowing us to realize there is no clear cut way to define or contrain such interpretation of such philosophies.
DeleteLiberalism greatly affected polotics in the 19th century. The idea of negative liberty was supported by liberals, which believed in eliminating external constraints. Liberals wanted to be rid of heavy government intervention. Laissez-faire was a key theme for the liberals, as their biggest goal was to remove government influence from the lives of the citizens. Liberals tried to fight to establish the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which supported free enterprise, land reform, constitutional monarchy, etc. The liberals overthrew the monarchy in 1820 in order to get the ball rolling for these new ideas that they wanted to establish. They held a heavy influence over politics due to their uprisings and desire to make government change. They represented revolution and fought to remove the government influence from their lives.
ReplyDeleteNationalism is the idea of people sharing the same culture and identity. The people of this country have their own identity. This can be represented in various manners such as music, literature, government ,etc. For example, the Star Spangled Banner and Washington Irving's folk tales of the Hudson River Valley can be seen as Nationalistic proponents in the United States. In Europe Nationalism was a deadly belief in most cases. As seen in Hungary it could tear apart an empire. The Magyars agreed that they all shared a common culture and were different than the other regions of the Austrian Empire. This would lead them to want their own identity as a country or be accepted as their own group of people. This idea of a group of people banding together can be seen throughout European History. My favorite example would be World War Two. Hitler in Nazi Germany united the people under the nationalistic idea of the "Fatherland." However, his nationalistic ideas were corrupted by his racial desires. As seen before Hitler used a common enemy to unite his people. This is common in Nationalism. The Jews were the common enemy of the German people at this time. This nationalistic idea would soon fuel his program known as the final solution. In Italy it can also be seen through Benito Mussolini with his rise to power. He played on the idea of the shared history of the people. He believed in a new Roman Empire which would soon fuel his wars in Africa ( Ethiopia). This is another aspect of nationalism in which a shared history can bring together a people. Nationalism can be seen as a threat to multiple nationalistic empires in particular. The wide varieties in cultures can divide the empire against itself. Germany experienced a great sense of Nationalism in the 19th century. Otto Von Bismarck can be seen as trying to bring these people together under one German language and generally one culture. Nationalism along with a common enemy helped with the unification of a modern Germany. A common language was one of the strongest components in a nationalistic environment. As seen in the United States the common language is English. Print culture had a great affect on the people of Europe and stressed the need for a common language. Languages could often represent the barriers in empires or create a sense of unity between a group of people.
ReplyDeleteAfter reading alot of these posts it allowed me to clearly understand the similarities as well as differences between the different philosophies that occupied the mind's and heart's of many during the 19th century. Which brought me to question do these philosophies of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism still preoccupy our world today? The answer is yes of course, it exists in every new idea that arises in our society. For example pulling out of Iraq brought forth ideas of nationalism as government officials as well as the American people questioned what was truly in the best interest of the people. Another big ordeal we see constantly in the news and media is that of same sex marriages. When questioning the sucess or failure of a law or multiple laws we as people are called upon to remember these fundamental philosophies of conservatism and liberalism to make the differece in our own society. That to me is huge, for it allows us to see how the forming of such ideas, concepts, and philosophies from back then still have much influence in the world we live in today.
ReplyDeleteThere were multiple tenets for liberalism. One of the tenets was that people were individual and deserved their own individual rights. Also, Liberalism was the belief in change from the normality of society and politics at the time. Liberalism stresses the belief of a less powerful government and stressed the individual rights or inalienable rights of all human beings. The United States can be seen as a representative government that the liberals wanted. The United States at this time was an extremely radical and liberal country. Another tenet was that their needed to be a separation from the old beliefs of mercantilism. They believed in a more Laissez-faire economy. This is an economy that was not affected by the government and the people would have more economic freedom in their lives. They sought for legal equality, religious toleration, and freedom of press which were all proponents of American ideals. Liberals consisted most often of academics, members of the learned professions, and people involved in the rapidly expanding commercial and manufacturing segments of the economy. These people would influence the beliefs in the economy and politics. This would also explain for the influence of the enlightenment and the classics. The academics could have access to these beliefs and ideas very easily. Liberalism however varied in different areas. For example, in Germany they believed in a united Germany. However, they wanted to use Prussia and Austria as an instrument of unification. They were not afraid of a monarchy. They wanted unification and rights. Adam Smith can be seen as a liberal person in that he believed in the economic policy of laissez-faire. Also, Tsar Nicholas can be seen as a liberal person in that he wanted to destroy serfdom in Russia. However, his untimely death would affect this idea. Liberalism would also affect the creation of such political beliefs as Marxism or Communism. This is the belief that all people are equal in their society. However, the idea of capitalism was seen in which laissez-faire and free market economies were expressed. The economics and beliefs of some liberal leaders would help an increase in political development with liberality in mind.
ReplyDeleteConservatism is the belief in preserving a way of life whether it be in politics or society. Conservatives at this time would most often be people of high power or social status. Also, the monarchs themselves in society would be conservative. They would often stick to their religious beliefs and they would often be against change. Conservatives are people such as Metternich in which they wanted to preserve the old ways or present governments and monarchies. Liberalism was almost exactly different than the conservative ideals of the time.At times nationalism would be tied in with liberalism. In Germany the government executed a student names Karl Sand who murdered a conservative playwright. He was executed as a direct response to liberalism. It was a message from conservatives that anything done by the nationalists would be put down. Nationalism could destroy the conservative orders of any country such as the Austrian Empire. In the Ottoman empire the people such as Bulgarians and Greeks wanted to be their own. They wanted an individual identity. Liberalism was the basic idea of changing the current status of society or politics. This was important because at this time these ideas were radical. These ideas were looked down upon by the conservatives. Liberals would enact changes in the conservative order through economics. Laissez-faire was a big deal it allowed for people to be unrestricted by the government and they could lead any economic life that they could.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GamU-IPvbQU
ReplyDeleteI found this link to this video on youtube that explains the ideas of the German and Italian Unification. Nationalism was a key component in the creation of these countries. The creation of these countries even served a stronger foundation of Nationalism. They had their own country. Also, Germany used the same nationalistic idea of a common enemy, this can be seen on multiple instances. This might prove to be a more effective video down the road. However, it shows the lasting affects on nationalism and unification at this period of time. It goes to show the power of the nationalistic appeal. A whole people can back or revolt against a government based on nationalism.
Elements of nationalism are seen anywhere and everywhere, within a place as small as a community or as big as a country. When you see American flags on people's doorsteps, families and friends coming together to celebrate Thanksgiving, or dollar bills with George Washington's face, you are seeing elements of our country's nationalism. Even with some crazy presidential debates going on, even with the different religions practiced in our country, even though we have many different people with many different beliefs, at the end of the day we all still have common problems, we share the same land, and we all have similar goals in life. These nationalistic ideas didn't just start, however. Over 150 years ago these feelings were all over Europe, and they were ultimately the cause of the unification, creation, modernization, and industrialization of many of the nations which we see on our maps today.
ReplyDeleteBecause I'm German, I decided to do the majority of my research so far on the unification of Germany. It's crazy how the place can start off with over 300 states, and then slowly the states come together until there are 100 after the Napoleonic Era, 39 because of the Congress of Vienna, and then finally one (at least until Germany is split in half from World War Two.) Now it certainly was not easy getting Germany to become one unified nation, but it was thanks to a few individuals that really boosted Germany's unification success rate. Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm I, and Helmuth von Moltke all had huge parts in the growing nationalism in Germany. Bismarck believed that Germany could only be united by" blood and iron," not by speeches. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was a strong supporter of Bismarck's ideas, and so was Helmuth con Moltke, who built up a strong navy and army to aid Bismarck. These guys were not only known as nationalists, but they were known as conservatives, which we still see today on the right side of the political spectrum. Though they did want a sort of change to create a unified nation, they did not want radical change which was what the liberals wanted. They wanted for the region to be unified under one absolute ruler, (or in their case emperor). Liberals, on the other hand, would not have wanted an absolute ruler, but they would have wanted a government to be set up ruled by the people for the people.
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ReplyDeleteIn the 19th century conservatism was essentially a fearful reaction to the arising liberals of the time that often threatened the sucess and prosperity of nobles, aristocrats, and monarchs alike. Those liberals wanted to spread equality, as well as develop self worth. Edmund Burke (1729-97) was an english writer of the time that spoke out against liberalism, and believed that conservatism was necessary in order to maintain orderly conduct as well as peace amongst the people. Edmund Burke often analyzed the actions and effects of the French Revolution in his work. He argued that the thoughts behind the revolution were irrational as he believed the rights of people were organically formed through a structured society rather than what revolutionaries argued to be "natural rights". He often spoke upon nationalism and how people must live for something greater than themselves; greater than their own short lived lives. Burke also mentioned in his works that people should value the past and its structural guidance. However he argued that people were to acknowledge it, but not question it. He argued that people were to work toward a nationalistic goal, but while staying within their own "boundaries". Ultimately demonstrating how some during the time saw liberalism as a threat. Henceforth depicting how conservatism was a reaction to the radical qualities of liberalism. While liberals as people wanted to improve upon the past rather than just simply live in it. Ultimately demonstrating the conflicting aspects of each philosophy.
ReplyDeleteI found this video to be interesting as a study involving a neurologist scanned the brain of individuals to see differences in such emotional, and mental standpoints. Posing many questions about the differences between liberal, and conservative thinking.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIHRGUMr3Ak